Culture Media by Morphological Classification

Morphological Class

Protozoa

Culture Media

1 Baird-Parker Agar (BPA) his is a selective medium for the isolation of Staphylococcus species. It has lithium chloride and glycine to inhibit the growth of Gram-negative bacteria and most Gram-positive bacteria except Staphylococcus. Egg yolk emulsion is added to detect lecithinase production and tellurite reduction. S. aureus colonies on BPA are black due to reduction of tellurite, and they exhibit a clear zone due to lecithinase activity on egg yolk.
2 Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA), or Chapman Agar This is a selective and differential medium. The high concentration of NaCl (~7.5%) selects for halophiles, organisms that can tolerate high salt concentrations, thereby favouring the growth of Staphylococcus species. Mannitol is the differential component: S. aureus ferments mannitol, lowering the pH of the medium, which results in a color change of the pH indicator from red to yellow. Thus, growth of S. aureus is indicated by yellow colonies.
3 Sauton’s Medium A liquid medium that lacks detergents, which helps in the formation of corded colonies. When M. tuberculosis grows in this medium, it results in turbidity.
4 Sula’s Medium A liquid medium containing glycerol, asparagine, and a variety of salts. The growth of M. tuberculosis results in turbidity.
5 Middlebrook 7H9 Broth This is a liquid medium that contains glycerol and Tween 80, which prevent clumping of mycobacteria. The growth of M. tuberculosis results in turbidity.
6 Dubos’ Medium A liquid medium that contains a mixture of salts, fatty acids, and polysorbate. When M. tuberculosis grows in this medium, it causes the medium to become turbid.
7 Dorset Medium An egg-based medium. M. tuberculosis colonies appear similar to those on Petragnini Medium: small, round, buff-colored, and taking 3-4 weeks to develop.
8 Middlebrook 7H11 Agar This is a nutrient-rich medium similar to 7H10 but includes additional pyruvate for energy source, promoting more luxurious growth. The colonies of M. tuberculosis appear small, slightly domed, and rough with a butyrous consistency.
9 Middlebrook 7H10 Agar A selective medium that contains oleic acid, albumin, dextrose, and catalase. The colonies of M. tuberculosis appear small, rough, and buff to white-colored, taking less time to appear compared to egg-based media.
10 Petragnini Medium An egg-based medium enriched with additional nutrients to promote the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Colonies of M. tuberculosis are small, round, buff-colored, and typically take 3-4 weeks to appear.
11 Liquid Media (such as Nutrient Broth) E. coli exhibits homogenous turbid growth within 12-18 hours. After prolonged incubation, pellicles may form on the surface of the media.
12 Sorbitol-MacConkey agar A variant of MacConkey agar, used in detecting E. coli O157:H7, which does not ferment sorbitol, unlike most strains of E. coli.
13 Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) A general purpose medium. E. coli colonies are medium to large, with a shiny moist appearance.
14 Cystine Lactose Electrolyte-Deficient (CLED) Agar E. coli will give lactose-positive yellow colonies.
15 Violet Red Bile Agar (VRBA) E. coli colonies are red (pink to red) and may show bluish fluorescence under UV light.
16 Nutrient Agar (NA) A non-selective medium. E. coli colonies are usually large, circular, grayish-white, moist, and smooth.
17 Cornmeal Agar with Tween 80 It is used for the identification of Candida species by promoting the formation of chlamydospores, which is a characteristic of Candida albicans.
18 CHROMagar Candida This differential medium allows for the isolation and identification of Candida species based on colony color. Candida albicans usually forms green colonies on this medium.
19 RPMI 1640 Medium It is a rich medium that contains inorganic salts, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, and other nutrients that promote the growth of yeast cells.
20 MacConkey Agar Traditionally used to isolate and differentiate Gram-negative bacilli, E. faecalis can grow on this medium, producing small, round, magenta pink colonies due to lactose fermentation, indicating a positive result.
21 Azide Dextrose Broth A selective medium inhibiting Gram-negative bacteria, used for the isolation of streptococci and staphylococci from mixed samples. E. faecalis will show a positive growth resulting in a turbid appearance of the broth.
22 Tryptic Soy Broth or Agar (TSB/TSA) A general-purpose medium that supports the growth of a broad spectrum of bacteria. E. faecalis on TSA will typically form small, round, and white colonies, indicating a positive growth.

Mycobacteria

Culture Media

1 Phenol Red Mannitol Broth This is a differential medium, used to determine an organism's ability to ferment mannitol. S. aureus, which can ferment mannitol, will change the medium from red to yellow due to acid production.
2 DNase Test Agar S. aureus produces the enzyme DNase which hydrolyses DNA. When S. aureus grows on this medium, the DNA is broken down, which can be visualised using a hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution: clear zones around the colonies indicate DNA breakdown.
3 Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA), or Chapman Agar This is a selective and differential medium. The high concentration of NaCl (~7.5%) selects for halophiles, organisms that can tolerate high salt concentrations, thereby favouring the growth of Staphylococcus species. Mannitol is the differential component: S. aureus ferments mannitol, lowering the pH of the medium, which results in a color change of the pH indicator from red to yellow. Thus, growth of S. aureus is indicated by yellow colonies.
4 Blood Agar (BA) This is a nutrient-rich, differential medium that supports the growth of many organisms. S. aureus forms colonies that are round, smooth, and golden-yellow. This bacterium typically demonstrates β-hemolysis, which is complete lysis of red blood cells, resulting in a clear zone around the colonies. This hemolysis is due to the production of hemolysins by S. aureus.
5 Sauton’s Medium A liquid medium that lacks detergents, which helps in the formation of corded colonies. When M. tuberculosis grows in this medium, it results in turbidity.
6 BACTEC This is not a traditional medium but a system for detecting the growth of M. tuberculosis by monitoring the release of C14O2 from C14 palmitic acid, which the bacteria metabolize. An increase in radioactive counts in the BACTEC instrument indicates the growth of bacteria.
7 Sula’s Medium A liquid medium containing glycerol, asparagine, and a variety of salts. The growth of M. tuberculosis results in turbidity.
8 Dubos’ Medium A liquid medium that contains a mixture of salts, fatty acids, and polysorbate. When M. tuberculosis grows in this medium, it causes the medium to become turbid.
9 Loeffler Medium A serum-based medium. M. tuberculosis colonies on Loeffler medium are small, dry, wrinkled, and off-white to yellow.
10 Dorset Medium An egg-based medium. M. tuberculosis colonies appear similar to those on Petragnini Medium: small, round, buff-colored, and taking 3-4 weeks to develop.
11 Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) Medium An egg-based medium that uses malachite green to suppress the growth of other bacteria and glycerol to stimulate the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The colonies of M. tuberculosis on LJ are non-pigmented, dry, rough, raised, irregular with a wrinkled surface, initially creamy-white, turning yellowish or buff-colored on further incubation.
12 Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) Agar E. coli typically produces an acid butt, acid slant, and gas, with no H2S production, indicating it ferments lactose, sucrose, and glucose.
13 Simmons Citrate Agar Used for citrate utilization testing. E. coli usually can't utilize citrate as a sole carbon source, so no growth or color change would be expected.
14 Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) A general purpose medium. E. coli colonies are medium to large, with a shiny moist appearance.
15 m-ENDO Agar E. coli colonies appear as green with a metallic sheen, indicating lactose fermentation.
16 Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) Agar A selective and differential medium where E. coli forms distinctive metallic green sheen colonies due to vigorous lactose fermentation.
17 MacConkey Agar (MAC) This selective and differential medium distinguishes lactose fermenters from non-fermenters. E. coli colonies are circular, moist, smooth, and pink.
18 Blood Agar (BA) E. coli colonies on this differential medium are large, circular, gray, moist, and can show β-hemolysis.
19 Nickerson’s Medium or Bismuth Sulfite Glucose Glycine Yeast (BSGG) This medium is used to stimulate the production of germ tubes, a characteristic of Candida albicans.
20 Cornmeal Agar with Tween 80 It is used for the identification of Candida species by promoting the formation of chlamydospores, which is a characteristic of Candida albicans.
21 CHROMagar Candida This differential medium allows for the isolation and identification of Candida species based on colony color. Candida albicans usually forms green colonies on this medium.
22 RPMI 1640 Medium It is a rich medium that contains inorganic salts, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, and other nutrients that promote the growth of yeast cells.
23 Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) consists of a nutrient-rich substrate, made from dehydrated Potato Infusion and Dextrose, ideal for robust mycological propagation. Agar provides the solidifying medium. Acidification, typically using sterile tartaric acid, adjusts the pH to 3.5 +/- 0.1 to create a more selective environment by inhibiting bacterial proliferation. Additionally, Chloramphenicol is incorporated as an antimicrobial agent to further suppress bacterial contamination, thereby facilitating the selective isolation of fungi.
24 Nutrient Agar It is a general-purpose medium. However, E. faecalis grows poorly on nutrient agar, which means it does not proliferate as well on this medium compared to the others listed, indicating a negative or poor growth.
25 Blood Agar A differential medium used to identify bacteria based on their hemolytic properties. E. faecalis typically shows gamma-hemolysis on this medium, i.e., no hemolysis or change in the color of the medium.
26 MacConkey Agar Traditionally used to isolate and differentiate Gram-negative bacilli, E. faecalis can grow on this medium, producing small, round, magenta pink colonies due to lactose fermentation, indicating a positive result.
27 Azide Dextrose Broth A selective medium inhibiting Gram-negative bacteria, used for the isolation of streptococci and staphylococci from mixed samples. E. faecalis will show a positive growth resulting in a turbid appearance of the broth.
28 Enterococcosel Agar A selective and differential medium that inhibits the growth of Gram-negative bacteria and distinguishes enterococci based on their ability to grow in the presence of bile and hydrolyze esculin. E. faecalis will form small, black colonies on this medium due to esculin hydrolysis.
29 Bile Esculin Agar (BEA) A selective and differential medium that differentiates group D Streptococci and Enterococci based on the ability to hydrolyze esculin in the presence of bile. E. faecalis hydrolyzes esculin, leading to the formation of a dark brown or black precipita
30 Tryptic Soy Broth or Agar (TSB/TSA) A general-purpose medium that supports the growth of a broad spectrum of bacteria. E. faecalis on TSA will typically form small, round, and white colonies, indicating a positive growth.

Fungi

Culture Media

1 Phenol Red Mannitol Broth This is a differential medium, used to determine an organism's ability to ferment mannitol. S. aureus, which can ferment mannitol, will change the medium from red to yellow due to acid production.
2 DNase Test Agar S. aureus produces the enzyme DNase which hydrolyses DNA. When S. aureus grows on this medium, the DNA is broken down, which can be visualised using a hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution: clear zones around the colonies indicate DNA breakdown.
3 Blood Agar (BA) This is a nutrient-rich, differential medium that supports the growth of many organisms. S. aureus forms colonies that are round, smooth, and golden-yellow. This bacterium typically demonstrates β-hemolysis, which is complete lysis of red blood cells, resulting in a clear zone around the colonies. This hemolysis is due to the production of hemolysins by S. aureus.
4 Sauton’s Medium A liquid medium that lacks detergents, which helps in the formation of corded colonies. When M. tuberculosis grows in this medium, it results in turbidity.
5 Middlebrook 7H9 Broth This is a liquid medium that contains glycerol and Tween 80, which prevent clumping of mycobacteria. The growth of M. tuberculosis results in turbidity.
6 Dubos’ Medium A liquid medium that contains a mixture of salts, fatty acids, and polysorbate. When M. tuberculosis grows in this medium, it causes the medium to become turbid.
7 Pawlowsky Medium A potato-based medium. Growth of M. tuberculosis may be similar to that seen on the LJ Medium.
8 Loeffler Medium A serum-based medium. M. tuberculosis colonies on Loeffler medium are small, dry, wrinkled, and off-white to yellow.
9 Tarshis Medium A blood-based medium that can promote the growth of M. tuberculosis. The colonies appear similar to those on the LJ Medium.
10 Middlebrook 7H10 Agar A selective medium that contains oleic acid, albumin, dextrose, and catalase. The colonies of M. tuberculosis appear small, rough, and buff to white-colored, taking less time to appear compared to egg-based media.
11 Petragnini Medium An egg-based medium enriched with additional nutrients to promote the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Colonies of M. tuberculosis are small, round, buff-colored, and typically take 3-4 weeks to appear.
12 Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) Medium An egg-based medium that uses malachite green to suppress the growth of other bacteria and glycerol to stimulate the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The colonies of M. tuberculosis on LJ are non-pigmented, dry, rough, raised, irregular with a wrinkled surface, initially creamy-white, turning yellowish or buff-colored on further incubation.
13 Lysine Iron Agar (LIA) Used to determine the ability of an organism to decarboxylate or deaminate lysine and to form hydrogen sulfide. E. coli is typically lysine decarboxylase positive and H2S negative, so you would see a reaction of red/purple slant and purple/red butt with no black precipitate.
14 Brilliant Green Agar (BGA) A selective medium that is used to isolate Salmonella species, but E. coli can grow on it, albeit not as well.
15 Urea Agar/Broth E. coli is typically urease negative, so no color change would be expected in this medium.
16 Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) Agar E. coli typically produces an acid butt, acid slant, and gas, with no H2S production, indicating it ferments lactose, sucrose, and glucose.
17 Simmons Citrate Agar Used for citrate utilization testing. E. coli usually can't utilize citrate as a sole carbon source, so no growth or color change would be expected.
18 Cystine Lactose Electrolyte-Deficient (CLED) Agar E. coli will give lactose-positive yellow colonies.
19 m-ENDO Agar E. coli colonies appear as green with a metallic sheen, indicating lactose fermentation.
20 Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) Typically used for antibiotic susceptibility testing. E. coli colonies appear pale straw colored.
21 MacConkey Agar (MAC) This selective and differential medium distinguishes lactose fermenters from non-fermenters. E. coli colonies are circular, moist, smooth, and pink.
22 Nutrient Agar (NA) A non-selective medium. E. coli colonies are usually large, circular, grayish-white, moist, and smooth.
23 Cornmeal Agar with Tween 80 It is used for the identification of Candida species by promoting the formation of chlamydospores, which is a characteristic of Candida albicans.
24 CHROMagar Candida This differential medium allows for the isolation and identification of Candida species based on colony color. Candida albicans usually forms green colonies on this medium.
25 RPMI 1640 Medium It is a rich medium that contains inorganic salts, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, and other nutrients that promote the growth of yeast cells.
26 Blood Agar A differential medium used to identify bacteria based on their hemolytic properties. E. faecalis typically shows gamma-hemolysis on this medium, i.e., no hemolysis or change in the color of the medium.
27 MacConkey Agar Traditionally used to isolate and differentiate Gram-negative bacilli, E. faecalis can grow on this medium, producing small, round, magenta pink colonies due to lactose fermentation, indicating a positive result.
28 Azide Dextrose Broth A selective medium inhibiting Gram-negative bacteria, used for the isolation of streptococci and staphylococci from mixed samples. E. faecalis will show a positive growth resulting in a turbid appearance of the broth.
29 Todd-Hewitt Broth A liquid enrichment medium used for the cultivation of fastidious organisms such as streptococci and enterococci. E. faecalis will lead to a turbid broth due to microbial growth.
30 Enterococcosel Agar A selective and differential medium that inhibits the growth of Gram-negative bacteria and distinguishes enterococci based on their ability to grow in the presence of bile and hydrolyze esculin. E. faecalis will form small, black colonies on this medium due to esculin hydrolysis.
31 Bile Esculin Agar (BEA) A selective and differential medium that differentiates group D Streptococci and Enterococci based on the ability to hydrolyze esculin in the presence of bile. E. faecalis hydrolyzes esculin, leading to the formation of a dark brown or black precipita
32 Brain-Heart Infusion (BHI) Broth or Agar This is a nutrient-rich medium that supports the growth of a variety of fastidious organisms, including E. faecalis. The typical phenotype of E. faecalis on BHI is small, round, and white colonies.
33 Tryptic Soy Broth or Agar (TSB/TSA) A general-purpose medium that supports the growth of a broad spectrum of bacteria. E. faecalis on TSA will typically form small, round, and white colonies, indicating a positive growth.

Bacilli

Culture Media

1 Sf1Ep medium Culturing Treponema pallidum, the bacteria that causes syphilis, in vitro is a challenge. T. pallidum is not routinely cultured in the laboratory for diagnostic purposes, in part because it cannot be grown on artificial media. However, a breakthrough in culturing T. pallidum was reported in 2018 when researchers managed to grow the bacterium in a rabbit epithelial cell line (Sf1Ep) using a medium called 'Sf1Ep medium'. It's not used for routine diagnostic purposes, but for research only. The diagnosis involves direct microscopic examination, serologic tests, molecular tests and histopathology.
2 Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA), or Chapman Agar This is a selective and differential medium. The high concentration of NaCl (~7.5%) selects for halophiles, organisms that can tolerate high salt concentrations, thereby favouring the growth of Staphylococcus species. Mannitol is the differential component: S. aureus ferments mannitol, lowering the pH of the medium, which results in a color change of the pH indicator from red to yellow. Thus, growth of S. aureus is indicated by yellow colonies.
3 Blood Agar (BA) This is a nutrient-rich, differential medium that supports the growth of many organisms. S. aureus forms colonies that are round, smooth, and golden-yellow. This bacterium typically demonstrates β-hemolysis, which is complete lysis of red blood cells, resulting in a clear zone around the colonies. This hemolysis is due to the production of hemolysins by S. aureus.
4 Sauton’s Medium A liquid medium that lacks detergents, which helps in the formation of corded colonies. When M. tuberculosis grows in this medium, it results in turbidity.
5 Sula’s Medium A liquid medium containing glycerol, asparagine, and a variety of salts. The growth of M. tuberculosis results in turbidity.
6 Middlebrook 7H9 Broth This is a liquid medium that contains glycerol and Tween 80, which prevent clumping of mycobacteria. The growth of M. tuberculosis results in turbidity.
7 Pawlowsky Medium A potato-based medium. Growth of M. tuberculosis may be similar to that seen on the LJ Medium.
8 Tarshis Medium A blood-based medium that can promote the growth of M. tuberculosis. The colonies appear similar to those on the LJ Medium.
9 Liquid Media (such as Nutrient Broth) E. coli exhibits homogenous turbid growth within 12-18 hours. After prolonged incubation, pellicles may form on the surface of the media.
10 Brilliant Green Agar (BGA) A selective medium that is used to isolate Salmonella species, but E. coli can grow on it, albeit not as well.
11 Sorbitol-MacConkey agar A variant of MacConkey agar, used in detecting E. coli O157:H7, which does not ferment sorbitol, unlike most strains of E. coli.
12 Urea Agar/Broth E. coli is typically urease negative, so no color change would be expected in this medium.
13 Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) Agar E. coli typically produces an acid butt, acid slant, and gas, with no H2S production, indicating it ferments lactose, sucrose, and glucose.
14 Simmons Citrate Agar Used for citrate utilization testing. E. coli usually can't utilize citrate as a sole carbon source, so no growth or color change would be expected.
15 Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) A general purpose medium. E. coli colonies are medium to large, with a shiny moist appearance.
16 Cystine Lactose Electrolyte-Deficient (CLED) Agar E. coli will give lactose-positive yellow colonies.
17 Violet Red Bile Agar (VRBA) E. coli colonies are red (pink to red) and may show bluish fluorescence under UV light.
18 Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) Typically used for antibiotic susceptibility testing. E. coli colonies appear pale straw colored.
19 Blood Agar (BA) E. coli colonies on this differential medium are large, circular, gray, moist, and can show β-hemolysis.
20 Nutrient Agar (NA) A non-selective medium. E. coli colonies are usually large, circular, grayish-white, moist, and smooth.
21 Nickerson’s Medium or Bismuth Sulfite Glucose Glycine Yeast (BSGG) This medium is used to stimulate the production of germ tubes, a characteristic of Candida albicans.
22 Cornmeal Agar with Tween 80 It is used for the identification of Candida species by promoting the formation of chlamydospores, which is a characteristic of Candida albicans.
23 CHROMagar Candida This differential medium allows for the isolation and identification of Candida species based on colony color. Candida albicans usually forms green colonies on this medium.
24 RPMI 1640 Medium It is a rich medium that contains inorganic salts, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, and other nutrients that promote the growth of yeast cells.
25 Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) consists of a nutrient-rich substrate, made from dehydrated Potato Infusion and Dextrose, ideal for robust mycological propagation. Agar provides the solidifying medium. Acidification, typically using sterile tartaric acid, adjusts the pH to 3.5 +/- 0.1 to create a more selective environment by inhibiting bacterial proliferation. Additionally, Chloramphenicol is incorporated as an antimicrobial agent to further suppress bacterial contamination, thereby facilitating the selective isolation of fungi.
26 Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) It is composed of peptone, dextrose (glucose), and agar. The high dextrose concentration promotes fungal growth, while the acidic pH inhibits bacterial growth.
27 Nutrient Agar It is a general-purpose medium. However, E. faecalis grows poorly on nutrient agar, which means it does not proliferate as well on this medium compared to the others listed, indicating a negative or poor growth.
28 Blood Agar A differential medium used to identify bacteria based on their hemolytic properties. E. faecalis typically shows gamma-hemolysis on this medium, i.e., no hemolysis or change in the color of the medium.
29 MacConkey Agar Traditionally used to isolate and differentiate Gram-negative bacilli, E. faecalis can grow on this medium, producing small, round, magenta pink colonies due to lactose fermentation, indicating a positive result.
30 Todd-Hewitt Broth A liquid enrichment medium used for the cultivation of fastidious organisms such as streptococci and enterococci. E. faecalis will lead to a turbid broth due to microbial growth.

Cocci

Culture Media

1 Sf1Ep medium Culturing Treponema pallidum, the bacteria that causes syphilis, in vitro is a challenge. T. pallidum is not routinely cultured in the laboratory for diagnostic purposes, in part because it cannot be grown on artificial media. However, a breakthrough in culturing T. pallidum was reported in 2018 when researchers managed to grow the bacterium in a rabbit epithelial cell line (Sf1Ep) using a medium called 'Sf1Ep medium'. It's not used for routine diagnostic purposes, but for research only. The diagnosis involves direct microscopic examination, serologic tests, molecular tests and histopathology.
2 Phenol Red Mannitol Broth This is a differential medium, used to determine an organism's ability to ferment mannitol. S. aureus, which can ferment mannitol, will change the medium from red to yellow due to acid production.
3 Blood Agar (BA) This is a nutrient-rich, differential medium that supports the growth of many organisms. S. aureus forms colonies that are round, smooth, and golden-yellow. This bacterium typically demonstrates β-hemolysis, which is complete lysis of red blood cells, resulting in a clear zone around the colonies. This hemolysis is due to the production of hemolysins by S. aureus.
4 Sula’s Medium A liquid medium containing glycerol, asparagine, and a variety of salts. The growth of M. tuberculosis results in turbidity.
5 Proskauer and Beck’s Medium A liquid medium. The growth of M. tuberculosis causes turbidity.
6 Dubos’ Medium A liquid medium that contains a mixture of salts, fatty acids, and polysorbate. When M. tuberculosis grows in this medium, it causes the medium to become turbid.
7 Loeffler Medium A serum-based medium. M. tuberculosis colonies on Loeffler medium are small, dry, wrinkled, and off-white to yellow.
8 Middlebrook 7H11 Agar This is a nutrient-rich medium similar to 7H10 but includes additional pyruvate for energy source, promoting more luxurious growth. The colonies of M. tuberculosis appear small, slightly domed, and rough with a butyrous consistency.
9 Petragnini Medium An egg-based medium enriched with additional nutrients to promote the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Colonies of M. tuberculosis are small, round, buff-colored, and typically take 3-4 weeks to appear.
10 Liquid Media (such as Nutrient Broth) E. coli exhibits homogenous turbid growth within 12-18 hours. After prolonged incubation, pellicles may form on the surface of the media.
11 Brilliant Green Agar (BGA) A selective medium that is used to isolate Salmonella species, but E. coli can grow on it, albeit not as well.
12 Urea Agar/Broth E. coli is typically urease negative, so no color change would be expected in this medium.
13 Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) A general purpose medium. E. coli colonies are medium to large, with a shiny moist appearance.
14 Cystine Lactose Electrolyte-Deficient (CLED) Agar E. coli will give lactose-positive yellow colonies.
15 m-ENDO Agar E. coli colonies appear as green with a metallic sheen, indicating lactose fermentation.
16 Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) Agar A selective and differential medium where E. coli forms distinctive metallic green sheen colonies due to vigorous lactose fermentation.
17 Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) Typically used for antibiotic susceptibility testing. E. coli colonies appear pale straw colored.
18 Cornmeal Agar with Tween 80 It is used for the identification of Candida species by promoting the formation of chlamydospores, which is a characteristic of Candida albicans.
19 CHROMagar Candida This differential medium allows for the isolation and identification of Candida species based on colony color. Candida albicans usually forms green colonies on this medium.
20 RPMI 1640 Medium It is a rich medium that contains inorganic salts, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, and other nutrients that promote the growth of yeast cells.
21 Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) consists of a nutrient-rich substrate, made from dehydrated Potato Infusion and Dextrose, ideal for robust mycological propagation. Agar provides the solidifying medium. Acidification, typically using sterile tartaric acid, adjusts the pH to 3.5 +/- 0.1 to create a more selective environment by inhibiting bacterial proliferation. Additionally, Chloramphenicol is incorporated as an antimicrobial agent to further suppress bacterial contamination, thereby facilitating the selective isolation of fungi.
22 Nutrient Agar It is a general-purpose medium. However, E. faecalis grows poorly on nutrient agar, which means it does not proliferate as well on this medium compared to the others listed, indicating a negative or poor growth.
23 Blood Agar A differential medium used to identify bacteria based on their hemolytic properties. E. faecalis typically shows gamma-hemolysis on this medium, i.e., no hemolysis or change in the color of the medium.
24 MacConkey Agar Traditionally used to isolate and differentiate Gram-negative bacilli, E. faecalis can grow on this medium, producing small, round, magenta pink colonies due to lactose fermentation, indicating a positive result.
25 Azide Dextrose Broth A selective medium inhibiting Gram-negative bacteria, used for the isolation of streptococci and staphylococci from mixed samples. E. faecalis will show a positive growth resulting in a turbid appearance of the broth.
26 Todd-Hewitt Broth A liquid enrichment medium used for the cultivation of fastidious organisms such as streptococci and enterococci. E. faecalis will lead to a turbid broth due to microbial growth.
27 Enterococcosel Agar A selective and differential medium that inhibits the growth of Gram-negative bacteria and distinguishes enterococci based on their ability to grow in the presence of bile and hydrolyze esculin. E. faecalis will form small, black colonies on this medium due to esculin hydrolysis.
28 Bile Esculin Agar (BEA) A selective and differential medium that differentiates group D Streptococci and Enterococci based on the ability to hydrolyze esculin in the presence of bile. E. faecalis hydrolyzes esculin, leading to the formation of a dark brown or black precipita
29 Tryptic Soy Broth or Agar (TSB/TSA) A general-purpose medium that supports the growth of a broad spectrum of bacteria. E. faecalis on TSA will typically form small, round, and white colonies, indicating a positive growth.

Spirillum

Culture Media

1 Baird-Parker Agar (BPA) his is a selective medium for the isolation of Staphylococcus species. It has lithium chloride and glycine to inhibit the growth of Gram-negative bacteria and most Gram-positive bacteria except Staphylococcus. Egg yolk emulsion is added to detect lecithinase production and tellurite reduction. S. aureus colonies on BPA are black due to reduction of tellurite, and they exhibit a clear zone due to lecithinase activity on egg yolk.
2 Phenol Red Mannitol Broth This is a differential medium, used to determine an organism's ability to ferment mannitol. S. aureus, which can ferment mannitol, will change the medium from red to yellow due to acid production.
3 DNase Test Agar S. aureus produces the enzyme DNase which hydrolyses DNA. When S. aureus grows on this medium, the DNA is broken down, which can be visualised using a hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution: clear zones around the colonies indicate DNA breakdown.
4 Blood Agar (BA) This is a nutrient-rich, differential medium that supports the growth of many organisms. S. aureus forms colonies that are round, smooth, and golden-yellow. This bacterium typically demonstrates β-hemolysis, which is complete lysis of red blood cells, resulting in a clear zone around the colonies. This hemolysis is due to the production of hemolysins by S. aureus.
5 BACTEC This is not a traditional medium but a system for detecting the growth of M. tuberculosis by monitoring the release of C14O2 from C14 palmitic acid, which the bacteria metabolize. An increase in radioactive counts in the BACTEC instrument indicates the growth of bacteria.
6 Sula’s Medium A liquid medium containing glycerol, asparagine, and a variety of salts. The growth of M. tuberculosis results in turbidity.
7 Dubos’ Medium A liquid medium that contains a mixture of salts, fatty acids, and polysorbate. When M. tuberculosis grows in this medium, it causes the medium to become turbid.
8 Pawlowsky Medium A potato-based medium. Growth of M. tuberculosis may be similar to that seen on the LJ Medium.
9 Loeffler Medium A serum-based medium. M. tuberculosis colonies on Loeffler medium are small, dry, wrinkled, and off-white to yellow.
10 Tarshis Medium A blood-based medium that can promote the growth of M. tuberculosis. The colonies appear similar to those on the LJ Medium.
11 Dorset Medium An egg-based medium. M. tuberculosis colonies appear similar to those on Petragnini Medium: small, round, buff-colored, and taking 3-4 weeks to develop.
12 Middlebrook 7H11 Agar This is a nutrient-rich medium similar to 7H10 but includes additional pyruvate for energy source, promoting more luxurious growth. The colonies of M. tuberculosis appear small, slightly domed, and rough with a butyrous consistency.
13 Middlebrook 7H10 Agar A selective medium that contains oleic acid, albumin, dextrose, and catalase. The colonies of M. tuberculosis appear small, rough, and buff to white-colored, taking less time to appear compared to egg-based media.
14 Brilliant Green Agar (BGA) A selective medium that is used to isolate Salmonella species, but E. coli can grow on it, albeit not as well.
15 Sorbitol-MacConkey agar A variant of MacConkey agar, used in detecting E. coli O157:H7, which does not ferment sorbitol, unlike most strains of E. coli.
16 Urea Agar/Broth E. coli is typically urease negative, so no color change would be expected in this medium.
17 Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) Agar E. coli typically produces an acid butt, acid slant, and gas, with no H2S production, indicating it ferments lactose, sucrose, and glucose.
18 Cystine Lactose Electrolyte-Deficient (CLED) Agar E. coli will give lactose-positive yellow colonies.
19 Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) Typically used for antibiotic susceptibility testing. E. coli colonies appear pale straw colored.
20 MacConkey Agar (MAC) This selective and differential medium distinguishes lactose fermenters from non-fermenters. E. coli colonies are circular, moist, smooth, and pink.
21 Nutrient Agar (NA) A non-selective medium. E. coli colonies are usually large, circular, grayish-white, moist, and smooth.
22 Cornmeal Agar with Tween 80 It is used for the identification of Candida species by promoting the formation of chlamydospores, which is a characteristic of Candida albicans.
23 CHROMagar Candida This differential medium allows for the isolation and identification of Candida species based on colony color. Candida albicans usually forms green colonies on this medium.
24 RPMI 1640 Medium It is a rich medium that contains inorganic salts, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, and other nutrients that promote the growth of yeast cells.
25 Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) consists of a nutrient-rich substrate, made from dehydrated Potato Infusion and Dextrose, ideal for robust mycological propagation. Agar provides the solidifying medium. Acidification, typically using sterile tartaric acid, adjusts the pH to 3.5 +/- 0.1 to create a more selective environment by inhibiting bacterial proliferation. Additionally, Chloramphenicol is incorporated as an antimicrobial agent to further suppress bacterial contamination, thereby facilitating the selective isolation of fungi.
26 Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) It is composed of peptone, dextrose (glucose), and agar. The high dextrose concentration promotes fungal growth, while the acidic pH inhibits bacterial growth.
27 Nutrient Agar It is a general-purpose medium. However, E. faecalis grows poorly on nutrient agar, which means it does not proliferate as well on this medium compared to the others listed, indicating a negative or poor growth.
28 Blood Agar A differential medium used to identify bacteria based on their hemolytic properties. E. faecalis typically shows gamma-hemolysis on this medium, i.e., no hemolysis or change in the color of the medium.
29 MacConkey Agar Traditionally used to isolate and differentiate Gram-negative bacilli, E. faecalis can grow on this medium, producing small, round, magenta pink colonies due to lactose fermentation, indicating a positive result.
30 Azide Dextrose Broth A selective medium inhibiting Gram-negative bacteria, used for the isolation of streptococci and staphylococci from mixed samples. E. faecalis will show a positive growth resulting in a turbid appearance of the broth.
31 Enterococcosel Agar A selective and differential medium that inhibits the growth of Gram-negative bacteria and distinguishes enterococci based on their ability to grow in the presence of bile and hydrolyze esculin. E. faecalis will form small, black colonies on this medium due to esculin hydrolysis.
32 Bile Esculin Agar (BEA) A selective and differential medium that differentiates group D Streptococci and Enterococci based on the ability to hydrolyze esculin in the presence of bile. E. faecalis hydrolyzes esculin, leading to the formation of a dark brown or black precipita
33 Brain-Heart Infusion (BHI) Broth or Agar This is a nutrient-rich medium that supports the growth of a variety of fastidious organisms, including E. faecalis. The typical phenotype of E. faecalis on BHI is small, round, and white colonies.

Spirochetes

Culture Media

1 DNase Test Agar S. aureus produces the enzyme DNase which hydrolyses DNA. When S. aureus grows on this medium, the DNA is broken down, which can be visualised using a hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution: clear zones around the colonies indicate DNA breakdown.
2 Cornmeal Agar with Tween 80 It is used for the identification of Candida species by promoting the formation of chlamydospores, which is a characteristic of Candida albicans.
3 Petragnini Medium An egg-based medium enriched with additional nutrients to promote the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Colonies of M. tuberculosis are small, round, buff-colored, and typically take 3-4 weeks to appear.
4 Violet Red Bile Agar (VRBA) E. coli colonies are red (pink to red) and may show bluish fluorescence under UV light.
5 Phenol Red Mannitol Broth This is a differential medium, used to determine an organism's ability to ferment mannitol. S. aureus, which can ferment mannitol, will change the medium from red to yellow due to acid production.
6 RPMI 1640 Medium It is a rich medium that contains inorganic salts, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, and other nutrients that promote the growth of yeast cells.
7 Middlebrook 7H10 Agar A selective medium that contains oleic acid, albumin, dextrose, and catalase. The colonies of M. tuberculosis appear small, rough, and buff to white-colored, taking less time to appear compared to egg-based media.
8 Blood Agar (BA) This is a nutrient-rich, differential medium that supports the growth of many organisms. S. aureus forms colonies that are round, smooth, and golden-yellow. This bacterium typically demonstrates β-hemolysis, which is complete lysis of red blood cells, resulting in a clear zone around the colonies. This hemolysis is due to the production of hemolysins by S. aureus.
9 Cystine Lactose Electrolyte-Deficient (CLED) Agar E. coli will give lactose-positive yellow colonies.
10 CHROMagar Candida This differential medium allows for the isolation and identification of Candida species based on colony color. Candida albicans usually forms green colonies on this medium.
11 Urea Agar/Broth E. coli is typically urease negative, so no color change would be expected in this medium.
12 Bile Esculin Agar (BEA) A selective and differential medium that differentiates group D Streptococci and Enterococci based on the ability to hydrolyze esculin in the presence of bile. E. faecalis hydrolyzes esculin, leading to the formation of a dark brown or black precipita
13 Sula’s Medium A liquid medium containing glycerol, asparagine, and a variety of salts. The growth of M. tuberculosis results in turbidity.
14 Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) Agar E. coli typically produces an acid butt, acid slant, and gas, with no H2S production, indicating it ferments lactose, sucrose, and glucose.
15 Blood Agar A differential medium used to identify bacteria based on their hemolytic properties. E. faecalis typically shows gamma-hemolysis on this medium, i.e., no hemolysis or change in the color of the medium.
16 Todd-Hewitt Broth A liquid enrichment medium used for the cultivation of fastidious organisms such as streptococci and enterococci. E. faecalis will lead to a turbid broth due to microbial growth.
17 Brilliant Green Agar (BGA) A selective medium that is used to isolate Salmonella species, but E. coli can grow on it, albeit not as well.
18 Enterococcosel Agar A selective and differential medium that inhibits the growth of Gram-negative bacteria and distinguishes enterococci based on their ability to grow in the presence of bile and hydrolyze esculin. E. faecalis will form small, black colonies on this medium due to esculin hydrolysis.
19 Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) Agar A selective and differential medium where E. coli forms distinctive metallic green sheen colonies due to vigorous lactose fermentation.
20 Sorbitol-MacConkey agar A variant of MacConkey agar, used in detecting E. coli O157:H7, which does not ferment sorbitol, unlike most strains of E. coli.
21 Nutrient Agar It is a general-purpose medium. However, E. faecalis grows poorly on nutrient agar, which means it does not proliferate as well on this medium compared to the others listed, indicating a negative or poor growth.
22 Liquid Media (such as Nutrient Broth) E. coli exhibits homogenous turbid growth within 12-18 hours. After prolonged incubation, pellicles may form on the surface of the media.
23 Sauton’s Medium A liquid medium that lacks detergents, which helps in the formation of corded colonies. When M. tuberculosis grows in this medium, it results in turbidity.
24 Sf1Ep medium Culturing Treponema pallidum, the bacteria that causes syphilis, in vitro is a challenge. T. pallidum is not routinely cultured in the laboratory for diagnostic purposes, in part because it cannot be grown on artificial media. However, a breakthrough in culturing T. pallidum was reported in 2018 when researchers managed to grow the bacterium in a rabbit epithelial cell line (Sf1Ep) using a medium called 'Sf1Ep medium'. It's not used for routine diagnostic purposes, but for research only. The diagnosis involves direct microscopic examination, serologic tests, molecular tests and histopathology.
25 Nickerson’s Medium or Bismuth Sulfite Glucose Glycine Yeast (BSGG) This medium is used to stimulate the production of germ tubes, a characteristic of Candida albicans.
26 m-ENDO Agar E. coli colonies appear as green with a metallic sheen, indicating lactose fermentation.
27 Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) A general purpose medium. E. coli colonies are medium to large, with a shiny moist appearance.
28 Dubos’ Medium A liquid medium that contains a mixture of salts, fatty acids, and polysorbate. When M. tuberculosis grows in this medium, it causes the medium to become turbid.
29 Tarshis Medium A blood-based medium that can promote the growth of M. tuberculosis. The colonies appear similar to those on the LJ Medium.
30 BACTEC This is not a traditional medium but a system for detecting the growth of M. tuberculosis by monitoring the release of C14O2 from C14 palmitic acid, which the bacteria metabolize. An increase in radioactive counts in the BACTEC instrument indicates the growth of bacteria.
31 Baird-Parker Agar (BPA) his is a selective medium for the isolation of Staphylococcus species. It has lithium chloride and glycine to inhibit the growth of Gram-negative bacteria and most Gram-positive bacteria except Staphylococcus. Egg yolk emulsion is added to detect lecithinase production and tellurite reduction. S. aureus colonies on BPA are black due to reduction of tellurite, and they exhibit a clear zone due to lecithinase activity on egg yolk.
32 Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) Medium An egg-based medium that uses malachite green to suppress the growth of other bacteria and glycerol to stimulate the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The colonies of M. tuberculosis on LJ are non-pigmented, dry, rough, raised, irregular with a wrinkled surface, initially creamy-white, turning yellowish or buff-colored on further incubation.
33 Lysine Iron Agar (LIA) Used to determine the ability of an organism to decarboxylate or deaminate lysine and to form hydrogen sulfide. E. coli is typically lysine decarboxylase positive and H2S negative, so you would see a reaction of red/purple slant and purple/red butt with no black precipitate.
34 MacConkey Agar Traditionally used to isolate and differentiate Gram-negative bacilli, E. faecalis can grow on this medium, producing small, round, magenta pink colonies due to lactose fermentation, indicating a positive result.
35 Blood Agar (BA) E. coli colonies on this differential medium are large, circular, gray, moist, and can show β-hemolysis.
36 Nutrient Agar (NA) A non-selective medium. E. coli colonies are usually large, circular, grayish-white, moist, and smooth.
37 Azide Dextrose Broth A selective medium inhibiting Gram-negative bacteria, used for the isolation of streptococci and staphylococci from mixed samples. E. faecalis will show a positive growth resulting in a turbid appearance of the broth.
38 Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA), or Chapman Agar This is a selective and differential medium. The high concentration of NaCl (~7.5%) selects for halophiles, organisms that can tolerate high salt concentrations, thereby favouring the growth of Staphylococcus species. Mannitol is the differential component: S. aureus ferments mannitol, lowering the pH of the medium, which results in a color change of the pH indicator from red to yellow. Thus, growth of S. aureus is indicated by yellow colonies.
39 Pawlowsky Medium A potato-based medium. Growth of M. tuberculosis may be similar to that seen on the LJ Medium.
40 MacConkey Agar (MAC) This selective and differential medium distinguishes lactose fermenters from non-fermenters. E. coli colonies are circular, moist, smooth, and pink.
41 Dorset Medium An egg-based medium. M. tuberculosis colonies appear similar to those on Petragnini Medium: small, round, buff-colored, and taking 3-4 weeks to develop.